Essay on The Theories and Research Behind Creative...

It is my strong belief that each child is entitled to a safe, secure, stimulating and caring learning environment. I always believed that each child is a unique individual with much curiosity and many academic, social and emotional needs. Children need our support in order to mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially. As a teacher, one should aim to help students in fulfilling their dreams to become successful and educated individuals. We must provide them with a safe learning environment for their learning to succeed. There are a whole lot of programs or curriculums out there that try to talk about the environmental and academic needs of children. In this paper, I will try my best to discuss the five components of the†¦show more content†¦Inside the classroom, the creative curriculum teacher creates an atmosphere in which children are safe, and they feel emotionally secure, as well as have a sense of belonging. It describes activities and teaching strategies that are challenging but at the same time are within the childrens reach. It also suggests giving children choices and a role in determining how they will learn. b. Erikson: As to Erik Erickson theory, it consists of a sequence of issues that need to be resolved for healthy development to occur. One of his issues is trust versus mistrust. In a creative curriculum classroom, teachers must establish a reliable safe atmosphere that reinforces the trust children learn at home and helps children who mistrust because of difficult experiences. Another issue is autonomy versus shame and doubt, the creative curriculum, teacher take care to help children become autonomous by providing structure while allowing the children to regulate their own behavior. The issue of initiative versus guilt guided the creative curriculum to place a high priority on creating a Creative curriculum Environment within the classroom that encourages the children to experiment, explore, and pursue their own interest. c. Piaget: For Piaget, the creative curriculum structures the environment and activities based on childrens cognitive development. It guidesShow MoreRelatedIs Dance Curriculum A Means Of Communication Through Performance?998 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves, their relationships and their environment. The curriculum forms the basis for building skills in critical thinking by providing guidelines to examine the reasons behind dancers’ actions, analyzing responses to learned lessons and performance done or attended (Koff, 1). The lessons provided through curriculum should enable dancers to interpret choreographers’ intent. Dance curriculum forms the foundation for strengthening and refining creative thinking skills through the creation of original interpretationRead MoreDewey s Theories And Concepts Into School Curriculum860 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Dewey has been at the core of school curriculum debates and research for decades. It refers to not only what should be taught in schoo ls, but how it should be taught. Dewey was a proponent of social interaction during a time when teachers were lecturers and students simply sat and took notes. He believed that students benefited from interacting with their environment. Dewey and Montessori were some of the first educational theorists to suggest a curriculum that included student-centered lessonsRead MoreThe Creative Curriculum Essay2318 Words   |  10 PagesCreative curriculum I. Introduction: Creative curriculum A.) Description of what is Creative Curriculum II. Theories and research behind Creative Curriculum A.) Maslow B.) Erikson C.) Piaget D.) Smilansky E.) Vygotsky F.) Gardner III. How children learn and develop A.) Areas of development 1.) Social/Emotional 2.) Physical 3.) Cognitive 4.) Language B.) Individual differences IIII. The learning environment A.) Setting and maintaining the classroom Read MoreEssay on The Value of Play1370 Words   |  6 PagesThere are numerous theories of play and countless theorists, from Freud and Spencer to Piaget and Vygotsky, who have studied play in relation to what it is and what it does for the child. This essay will outline the definition and value of play and the importance of how it can foster the child’s learning in regards to these theorists who studied the effects in great detail. It will discuss the how the environments constructed by educators can impact play and the theories of learning relating to theRead MoreTeaching And Learning During The 21st Century1733 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance within schools is evident. To support these issues the Australian curriculum has undergone radical changes, so too has pedagogy. Rather than focussing on instruction of particular elements, the emphasis is upon educating the whole child or person to enable capabilities for whatever possibilities the future becomes and requires. As some jobs that are available today didn’t even exist 5 years ago the curriculum that we present to our children must be just as adaptive and variable. We beginRead MoreIpads Vs. Pe Curriculum1406 Words   |  6 Pagesapps available for the iPads, they are currently seen as a means to view content, however, within Science, teachers have reported utilising the iPad to alter and create new content to support the curriculum (Stoll Beattey, 2011). The literature supports the usage of iPads to support the PE curriculum, in particular dealing with science and movement (Lee S. M., Burgeson, Fulton, Spain, 2007).It can be concluded that iPads are a more beneficial and effective material when compared to notebooksRead MoreDttls Unit 2 – Planning and Enabling Learning Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesDTTLS UNIT 2 – Planning and Enabling Learning Theory Assignment Selected Research – Rationale Methodology I am constantly undertaking research that will improve my teaching skills and this research has been ongoing for ten years. When undertaking the research for this particular assignment, I identified key words and phrases associated with the topic ‘Planning and Enabling Learning’. I used ‘Safari’ ‘Firefox’ web browsers and utilised ‘Google Scholar’ and ‘Yahoo’ search engines. Read MoreThe Field Of Medicine Study Biology1242 Words   |  5 Pagesfocusing on one career at a time, generally encompassing a very specific field of interest. Students interested in the field of medicine study biology and don’t generally study much outside of science. Or, students interested in music study musical theory and learn several different instruments – they don’t cross over into other fields of thought. This type of learning, however, really doesn’t reflect the way the world works. It doesn’t eve n properly reflect human experience: many students are puzzledRead MoreSocial Constructism Is Best For Teaching Mathematics870 Words   |  4 Pagesconstructivist views. His theory identifies that a child or persons level of potential, alongside collaboration with others is developed through problem solving under adult guidance. The guidance of the adult or teacher helps the learner to understand concepts that they could not otherwise develop on their own and â€Å"children’s creative imagination (for example trial and error problem solving) emerges from spontaneous lower psychological functions† (Contemporary Perspectives on Research in Creativity in EarlyRead MoreUsing Teaching: Making a Difference as Your Main Reference, Identify and Discuss some Important Complexities in Teachers Work 1686 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant to be aware of. Political factors have the ability to greatly complicate teachers work. The curriculum is an important example of this. â€Å"Issues such as the content of the curriculum, the methods of instruction, the organization of time and of classrooms are not left to the discretion of teachers but are handled by administrators, policy makers and so-called experts.† (Gordon, 2007). The curriculum has many negatives and positives. While it does give a structure to what is taught and attempts

Is The Universal Access For Modern Energy Services Essay

is not truly measurable. The language of this target is extremely vague, and leaves a great deal of information open to interpretation. The most notable example is the use of the term â€Å"universal access† when referring to use of energy. Having access to modern energy services is not the same as utilizing modern energy services. As long as more traditional forms of energy are more affordable, in many developing countries those forms would take precedence. As well, in order to measure something you must have concrete determinants, and it is difficult to measure access. In target 7.2, the target is to, â€Å"increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix.† Although this target is more specific then 7.1, outlining that they will be measuring the â€Å"share of renewable energy,† which can be done easily by measuring energy used by renewable sources, relative to the total. The target itself is not clearly defined, by using the term, â€Å"substantially† the target is left open. For example, in 2011, 21% of the world’s energy was generated from renewable resources. (US Energy Information Administration, 2012). When the target mentions â€Å"substantially† increasing this share, it can be interpreted many ways, ranging from just a few percentage points, to possibly doubling. Target 7.3, â€Å"Doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency† is a measurable goal. By clearly outlining that the goal is to double the global rate of improvement, the goal has a standardShow MoreRelatedObjectives Of The Sixth Sustainable Development Goals1259 Words   |  6 PagesEnergy access is increasingly seen as a crucial driver for social and economic development and also assists with meeting basic human needs for food and shelter (IEA, 2004). Energy was not explicitly considered in the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 or the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation in 2002. However the lin k between energy services and poverty reduction was clearly identified, as energy services and modern cooking fuels improved as a result (UNDP, 2005, PG.8). January 2016 will bringRead MoreIs It A Modern Energy Service?935 Words   |  4 Pages7.1 states that by 2030, universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services will be ensured. By stating ‘universal access’, this target can be taken many ways. Do they mean they want the entire population to have access by 2030? If so, this is quite a goal to accomplish within 15 years. There is also the problem of the term ‘modern energy services’. Again, what constitutes a modern energy service? Something that is currently modern may no longer be modern by 2030 when it is implemented;Read MoreObjectives Of A Sustainable Development Goals1002 Words   |  5 Pagesglobal sustainability. Goal 7 includes five targets that ensure access to sustainable, and modern energy for all. However, one of the targets described is not truly measurable. For instance, target 7.1 does not specify the type of modern energy services. In fact, different countries, based on their geographic locations or status of development, will rely on different types of modern energy services. Furthermore, the notion of â€Å"access† is too vague and is redundant since the goal itself already statedRead MoreModern Day Growth And Development1055 Words   |  5 Pagesschema, one is energy. More specifically, the need to warrant accessibility and affordability of modern energy to everyone across the globe. The agenda under this division of clean energy segments into multiple targets which the Division for Sustainable Development (DSD) of the United Nations hopes to achieve by the year 2030. Energy related services are an extremely substantial tool in today’s contemporary life, which brings us to the first target: â€Å"By 2030, ensure universal access to affordableRead MoreImproving The Accessibility, Quality, And Efficiency Of Energy1010 Words   |  5 PagesSustainable Development Goal aims to improve the accessibility, quality, and efficiency of energy. While some of the targets are clearly defined, others use ambiguous terms, making them not truly measureable. Firstly, terms used in targets 7.1, 7.2, and 7.b are not clearly defined, making them not truly measurable. Being able to provide a service universally, implies that every person worldwide should have access to the service. This is neither reasonable nor measureable. The term ‘affordable’ is not clearlyRead MoreUniversal Accessibility Of Energy Services956 Words   |  4 Pagesensure universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy services by 2030 (target 7.1) and to significantly increase the amount of renewable energy services in use by that time (7.2) (U.N., 2015). These targets aim to meas ure the amount of the population who has access to energy and to ensure that the methods of energy are sustainable, renewable, and cost effective. As stated by U.N. in the SDGs â€Å"it is estimated that in 2015 still about 2.8 billion people have no access to modernRead MoreThe Current State Of Renewable Energy Consumption Between Today And 2030 Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages(such as universal, affordable, reliable, and modern) are agreed to be defined as. What is considered to be affordable/reliable/modern can be subjective especially in a global context. Therefore, the dimensions can be measured, however the target itself is not truly measurable. Target 7.2: The global energy mix is the breakdown of the consumption of primary energy sources. The breakdown is based on the geographical regions of the world (Planà ¨te Énergies, 2015). If the different types of energy in regionsRead MoreImplementing The Sustainable Development Goal On Affordable And Clean Energy1114 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Affordable and Clean Energy† (United Nations), I have observed that the majority of the targets listed are truly not measurable. By incorporating the words â€Å"increase† and â€Å"double†, the targets 7.2 and 7.3 appear to be the only two targets which one can use a clear standard unit of comparison. The target 7.1 uses the concept â€Å"universal access† as its amount to achieve by 2030. Although, an amount can be given of the number of people who do not have access to any modern energy services, to give a true measurementRead MoreSustainable Development Goals Of The United Nations957 Words   |  4 Pag esin place of the old Millennium Development Goals. Goal 7, which is related to energy and includes 5 targets, is aimed to â€Å"Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.† Measurability of the Targets From a personal perspective, it seems that most targets within Goal 7 are measurable. The first target, â€Å"by 2030 ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services†, is theoretically measurable. However, as many developing countries don’t haveRead MoreImproving The Progress Of The Goal978 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause we cannot calculate its progress. The language used is very vague. For instance, it states the access to affordable energy services but who will determine what price is considered affordable. Target 7.2 is not a truly measurable target because the language is also quite vague and we cannot evaluate if progress is being made. Essentially, it does not have definable parameters on how the energy will be equally shared. Target 7.3 is a measurable target. Measuring the variations of the rate will

Change over Time Latin America Free Essays

From 1450 to the present, religious beliefs and practices in Latin America changed in that Catholicism and a blend of religions began to be seen throughout Latin America, but continued in that animistic and nature religions still remained. Changes in Latin American religious ideologies are easily seen from 1450 to the present day. A new religion entered their society. We will write a custom essay sample on Change over Time: Latin America or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the discovery of the new world in 1492 by Columbus, many more conquistadors and explorers would come to colonize and explore the new world. Also, a group of people called the Jesuits came to the new world. The spread of Catholicism really began in the 1600’s by the Jesuits who controlled much of Latin America at this time, and gave special privileges to those converted. As this was happening Catholicism was being diffused into the society of Latin Americans. However, because the people were so deeply rooted in Indian culture idol worship remained. Another change was that a blend of both Catholicism and animistic religion was being formed in Latin America. For example, in modern day Mexico, even though they are Catholic, there are legends and stories that talk about El Tio, the God of the Mine, he is supposed to protect the miners from harm in the mine. Another example, is black magic which began to form in the Caribbean. Because Indians were so deeply rooted in their culture, blending of Catholicism and their culture within religion happened. There were also continuities in religion during this time. First, many animistic and nature religions still continued to play a major role in Latin American societies. The Latin American societies readily supported Catholicism, but held on to their traditional beliefs. One reason they held on to their beliefs was because it was all they had known for hundreds of years, and people who have done something for a very long time are not just going to give up and change it, because it is part of their everyday life. Also, they did not see a need to give up their animistic beliefs no one was forcing them to give them up. There was only an advantage to joining the Catholic church, because the Jesuits would give you special access to missions, and the opportunity for learning. Similar processes to those seen here were also obvious in Sub-Saharan Africa, seeing as the Europeans colonized and explored there too. Christianity also spread to Sub-Saharan Africa and became a major belief system in both societies even over their animistic beliefs and polytheism. How to cite Change over Time: Latin America, Papers

Significance of Cache Memory on Performance Improvement

Question: Discuss about the Significance of Cache Memory on Performance Improvement. Answer: Introduction The major aim of this study is to explore the significance of cache memory on performance improvement of the computer system. Hence, in this regard, this study provides a detailed analysis on the operations of cache memory, which is located between the CPU and Main Memory. Therefore, this study provides all the details about the operations of cache memory along with demonstrating cache optimization. This study also identifies few issues of cache memory along with exploring its advantages. Thus, this study also portrays how the performance of cache can be evaluated and improved as well. Cache Memory can be referred to the Random Access Memory with the help of which the computer microprocessor can more quickly access than it can access the regular RAM. On the other hand, this particular memory is directly integrated with the CPU chip on a separate chip, which has the differentiated bus interconnected with the CPU (Chun et al., 2013). The Execution of Computer Program involves often loops that mean that the data stored within a given block of memory locations would be fetched several times. Cache memory can also be defined as the device for storing the high speed data where a microprocessor stores that data which is utilized most often. Moreover, the execution of instruction program involves often loops that are the data stored within a given block of memory locations would be retrieved several time. In addition, the execution of the program is localized. Data within the neighboring memory locations are very likely to be fetched if data within a given memory location is being retrieved. While CPU wants any specific instruction or data, then it sends the address to the cache memory. Initially, the address is searched within the cache memory then it is provided to the CPU after finding the data in cache (Fofack et al., 2014). In cache memory, finding a particular data within cache is known as the cache HIT. Furthermore, cache MISS is obtained if a particular data is not found within the cache memory. Thus, in this particular scenario, address is searched within the Main Memory for the instruction or data. A data block is transferred to the Cache memory from the Main Memory for the instruction or data after the data is received from the Main Memory so that all requests can be accomplished from cache memory (Chun et al., 2013). Hence, in this regard, it can be stated that the performance factor of the cache memory can be measured or determined with the help of the HIT ratio. Hit Ratio can be denoted as the ratio of the number of Hits to the addition of number of Hits an d number of Miss. The operations of cache memory are based on the principal of reference locality (Whitham, Audsley Davis, 2014). With the help of this fact, it can be stated that the related locations of storage are being accessed frequently while a instruction program is executed on a computer. Cache Optimization There are three basic cache optimization techniques such as the reduction of the Miss Rate, reduction of the Miss Penalty and the Reduction of the time to hit within the Cache memory (Noguchi et al., 2014). The cache optimization technique about reducing the Miss Rate encompasses the larger Block size, largest size of cache and higher Associativity. On the other hand, reduction of the Miss Penalty incorporates the multilevel caches and giving reads priority over writes. Furthermore, reducing the time to obtain a hit in cache incorporates the avoidance of the address translation during cache indexing. Significance of Cache Memory - The major aim of the cache memory is for storing the instructions of several programs those are re-referenced frequently by the software during the continuation of any kind of operation (Stengel et al., 2015). Therefore, the fast access towards these program instructions simply enhances the speed of the overall software program. It first looks in the cache memory as the microprocessor processes data. It does not have to do a more time-consuming data reading from the other data storage devices or from larger memory, if it finds the instructions there. The clock speed of processor determines the maximum rate through that the processors can make the execution of instructions. Cache memory chips permit microprocessors for running at full speed as they are designed for delivering data or instructions as fast as the microprocessor can use those (Das Dey, 2014). The processor can perform at its maximum speed of specified processor clock if the data and instru ctions are in the cache memory. The size of the cache memory which has high-speed is the key factor within the determination of how much the speed of the computer would enhance. Very large caches improvise the processing speed of computers much more than the smaller caches as they can store huge data within their high-speed memories. Most of the programs utilize some resources just once they have been operated as well as opened for a while mostly because the re-referenced and frequent instructions generally have the tendency to be cached (Gonzlez, Aliagas Valero, 2014). It is capable of explaining why the system performance measurements with the slower processors in computer but larger caches generally tend to be faster that the system performance measurements within computers. The major role of cache memory lies in deciding the performance of the multi-core systems as it is the fastest memory placed between the Main Memory as well as CPU. The performance gap between the Main Memory and processors has continued to be widened (Das Dey, 2014). Therefore, in this regard, increasing aggressive implementation of the cache memory is required for bridging this kind of performance gap. It works as the buffer between CPU as well as its Main Memory and it is therefore, utilized for synchronizing the rate of data transfer between main memory and CPU. Cache Utilization in Different Applications There is a simple method, which is fundamental to how the cache memory works such as the locality of reference. The locality of reference is categorized by two classifications such as temporal locality and spatial locality (Tsompanas, Kachris Sirakoulis, 2016). Spatial locality is the easiest type of locality for understanding as most of the users have utilized the media applications like DVD players, mp3 players and other types of apps whose datasets consist of ordered and large files. Moreover, it is the fancy way to label the general rule that if the CPU requires an item from memory at any given moment, and then it is likely to need its neighbors. On the other hand, temporal locality can be referred to the name that is provided to the general protocol that it is likely to be accessed again in the near future if an item in memory was accessed once (Chun et al., 2013). In case of the business apps, business data such as the word processo rs have often great spatial locality. Spatial locality is only the way of saying that the related data chunks tend to clump together within memory. In addition, they also tend to be processed in batches together through the CPU since they related (Gonzlez, Aliagas Valero, 2014). Therefore, Spatial locality also applies to the code likewise it does for the data or information as most of the well-written codes try for avoiding branches as well as jumps so that the processor can make the execution through large contiguous and uninterrupted blocks. Improving Cache Performance - A way to improvise the performance of the cache memory is to make a proper prediction regarding the future access of instructions or data, which have to be replaced from cache (Alexoudi et al., 2013). As mentioned earlier, the performance of the cache memory can easily be enhanced and improved by reducing the miss rate, miss penalty and time to hit in the cache. In addition, the easiest way for reducing the miss rate is for increasing the size of cache block. The miss rates of caches can be improved by the Higher Associativity. There are few significant replacement algorithms of CPU which are generally utilized for reducing miss rates and making the performance of cache better (Gonzlez, Aliagas Valero, 2014). One way to reduce the gap between the memory latency and CPU cycle us to utilize a multi-level cache. By introducing the second level caches, the first level misses can be managed. Conclusion After conducting the entire study, a conclusion can easily be drawn that cache memory plays the most crucial role in enhancing the CPU performance by synchronizing the rate of data transfer between the Main Memory and CPU. This status has also depicted the fact that the benefit of storing data on cache in comparison to RAM is its faster retrieval times. However, this study has also identified few performance issues associated with the cache memory. Therefore, the thorough analysis made in this study has provided an in-depth insight regarding performance evaluation as well as the performance improvement of the cache memory. References Alexoudi, T., Papaioannou, S., Kanellos, G. T., Miliou, A., Pleros, N. (2013). Optical cache memory peripheral circuitry: Row and column address selectors for optical static RAM banks.Journal of Lightwave Technology,31(24), 4098-4110. Chun, K. C., Zhao, H., Harms, J. D., Kim, T. H., Wang, J. P., Kim, C. H. (2013). A scaling roadmap and performance evaluation of in-plane and perpendicular MTJ based STT-MRAMs for high-density cache memory.IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,48(2), 598-610. Das, S., Dey, S. (2014, December). Exploiting fault tolerance within cache memory structures. InHigh Performance Computing and Applications (ICHPCA), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Fofack, N. C., Nain, P., Neglia, G., Towsley, D. (2014). Performance evaluation of hierarchical TTL-based cache networks.Computer Networks,65, 212-231. Gonzlez, A., Aliagas, C., Valero, M. (2014, June). A data cache with multiple caching strategies tuned to different types of locality. InACM International Conference on Supercomputing 25th Anniversary Volume(pp. 217-226). ACM. Maniotis, P., Fitsios, D., Kanellos, G. T., Pleros, N. (2013). Optical buffering for chip multiprocessors: A 16GHz optical cache memory architecture.Journal of Lightwave Technology,31(24), 4175-4191. Noguchi, H., Ikegami, K., Shimomura, N., Tetsufumi, T., Ito, J., Fujita, S. (2014, June). Highly reliable and low-power nonvolatile cache memory with advanced perpendicular STT-MRAM for high-performance CPU. InVLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers, 2014 Symposium on(pp. 1-2). IEEE. Stengel, H., Treibig, J., Hager, G., Wellein, G. (2015, June). Quantifying performance bottlenecks of stencil computations using the execution-cache-memory model. InProceedings of the 29th ACM on International Conference on Supercomputing(pp. 207-216). ACM. Tsompanas, M. A. I., Kachris, C., Sirakoulis, G. C. (2016). Modeling cache memory utilization on multicore using common pool resource game on cellular automata.ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS),26(3), 21 Whitham, J., Audsley, N. C., Davis, R. I. (2014). Explicit reservation of cache memory in a predictable, preemptive multitasking real-time system.ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS),13(4s), 120.

Alexander Hamilton essays

Alexander Hamilton essays Alexander Hamilton wasnt only George Washingtons accomplice, but he was also great admirer of Great Britains government, which explains why he wanted to develop better relations between the U.S. and Britain. Hamilton helped Washington out a lot during his term as aide-de-camp. Alexander Hamilton also worked at improved relations between Britain and the United States. When Alexander Hamilton accepted his appointment as aide-de-camp to Washington, it was the beginning of a long and productive, yet at times tense, relationship between the two. Many myths have been created about their partnership, some say that Hamilton was Washingtons brain, which thought for him and later on took over his administration. There are those who also say that Hamilton was the favorite and surrogate son to the childless General Washington, and that Hamilton saw Washington as the father he never had. When dictating official correspondence, Washington suggested the general idea of what he wanted said, and the aide put together his thoughts into an official statement. Washington carefully read all official correspondence before it left headquarters, and revised whenever necessary. He never allowed someone else's opinions to pass for his own. During his presidential administration, Washington did not blindly accept Hamilton's advice, but often required his Secretary of the Treasury to justify his policies thoroughly when they came under question. In matters of diplomacy, he routinely accepted Jefferson's recommendations, not Hamilton's. Hamilton had unbounded respect for Washington's power, and he knew that his position as aide-de-camp would get him useful connections and a high-visibility position in which to prove his abilities. Washington admired Hamilton's energy and intellect, and must have seen a bit of a mirror image in him. Washington's confidence in Hamilton was unwavering; he continued to seek Hamilton's advice throu...

Maggie Lena Walker

Maggie Lena Walker Overview Maggie Lena Walker once said, I am of the opinion [that] if we can catch the vision, in a few years we shall be able to enjoy the fruits from this effort and its attendant responsibilities, through untold benefits reaped by the youth of the race. Walker was the first American womanof any raceto be a bank president and inspired African-Americans to become   self-sufficient entrepreneurs. As a follower of Booker T. Washington’s philosophy of cast down your bucket where you are, Walker was a lifelong resident of Richmond, working to bring change to African-Americans throughout Virginia. Achievements   First American woman to establish and be appointed as a bank president.  Established the St. Luke Herald, a local African-American newspaper.   Early Life In 1867, Walker was born Maggie Lena Mitchell in Richmond, Va. Her parents, Elizabeth Draper Mitchell and father, William Mitchell, were both former slaves who were emancipated through the thirteenth amendment. Walkers mother was an assistant cook and her father was a butler in a mansion owned by the abolitionist Elizabeth Van Lew. Following the death of her father, Walker took on a number of jobs to help support her family.   By 1883, Walker graduated at the top of her class. That same year, she began teaching at the Lancaster School. Walker also attended the school, taking classes in accounting and business. Walker taught at the Lancaster School for three years before accepting a job as a secretary of the Independent Order of St. Luke in Richmond, an organization that assisted sick and elderly members of the community. Entrepreneur   While working for the Order of St. Luke, Walker was appointed secretary-treasurer of the organization. Under Walkers leadership, the organizations membership increased tremendously by encouraging African-American women to save their money. Under Walkers tutelage, the organization purchased an office building for $100,000 and increased the staff to more than fifty employees. In 1902, Walker established the St. Luke Herald, an African-American newspaper in Richmond. Following the successes of the St. Luke Herald, Walker established the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank. By doing so, Walker became the first women in the United States to found a bank. The goal of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank was to provide loans to members of the community. In 1920, the bank helped members of the community purchase an estimated 600 houses. The success of the bank helped the Independent Order of St. Luke continue to grow. In 1924, it was reported that the order had 50,000 members, 1500 local chapters, and estimated assets of at least $400,000. During the Great Depression, St. Luke Penny Savings merged with two other banks in Richmond to become The Consolidated Bank and Trust Company. Walker served as chairperson of the board. Community Activist   Walker was an avid fighter for the rights of not only African-Americans, but women as well. In 1912, Walker helped establish the Richmond Council of Colored Women and was elected as the organizations president. Under Walkers leadership, the organization raised money to support Janie Porter Barretts Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls as well as other philanthropic endeavors. Walker was also a member of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW), the International Council of Women of the Darker Races, the National Association of Wage Earners, National Urban League, the Virginia Interracial Committee and the Richmond chapter of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Honors and Awards Throughout Walkers life, she was honored for her efforts as a community builder. In 1923, Walker was the recipient of an honorary Masters degree from Virginia Union University. Walker was inducted in to the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 2002. In addition, the City of Richmond named a street, theatre and high school in Walkers honor. Family and Marriage In 1886, Walker married her husband, Armistead, an African-American contractor. The Walkers had two sons named Russell and Melvin.

Projectile Motion Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Projectile Motion - Lab Report Example The results indicate higher time of flight for high setting and vice versa. Besides that we expect to see the time of flight to be the same for any value of the initial velocity. In the second part, the experiment investigates ratio of the average velocity versus muzzle velocity that is, if the horizontal velocity is constant during the flight, then it should be equal to or very close to the muzzle velocity and this is achieved by setting the gun at an angle of elevation of 35 degrees. In the third part the experiment investigates that the range is the same for complimentary angles. The results indicate a relatively close value for the range and time of flight. This shows that the range and time of flight are the same for complimentary angles. The fourth part investigates that a curve formed by a trajectory takes the form of a parabola. This is achieved by setting the target at the same level as the muzzle for any chosen angle. The observed shape is a parabola. In this experiment, there were errors, hence accurate results were not achieved as can be seen from the data sheet. One possible cause of the uncertainties is the inaccurate timing from the time projection and the exact time of landing an error that can be attributed to the inaccuracy of the observer causing random error. Another possible cause of inaccurate results is the variation of the initial velocity as a result effect of the difference in the launching of the gun affecting the muzzle velocity. If this experiment was performed on the moon where the force of gravity is 1/6 of the earth, we expect the initial velocity to be greater than when it would have been in the lab because the moon offers less resistance in terms of force to the motion of the projectile. Similarly, If the experiment was performed on the moon, the target distance will be longer because the acceleration due to gravity acceleration is low hence the projectile will have an overall increased range. Finally,

Interview Process for Movie Theater General Manager Assignment

Interview Process for Movie Theater General Manager - Assignment Example The general manager will be mainly involved in overseeing administrative areas such as staffing, customer service, and daily operations (Suttle, 2013). The general manager will display team work while ensuring superior customer experience and encouraging profitability of the theatre. A structured interview will be conducted in order to assess and evaluate the compatibility of a candidate. The interview will have behavioral structured questions that will aim to assess the knowledge and skills of a particular candidate to test his or her compatibility with the roles and responsibilities required by the position. In addition the structured interview will focus on evaluating the behavioral aspect of a candidate’s personality beyond eligibility. This will enable the identification of a candidate that is fit for the position. The structured interview will be used to assess an individual’s candidacy by keeping the job requirements as a standard. As such it will be designed such that the questions will relate to specific job requirements. The questions will also allow deeper behavioral aspects of a candidate to surface in different mock situations required as part of a general manager at a theatre. The job analysis will be an underlying factor shaping the interview questions. More specifically the interview questions will be structured and inquire about an individual’s background in arts, theatre, and business. It will also aim to test the knowledge of an individual in key business concepts such as cash budgeting, forecasting, etcetera, where the candidate will have to demonstrate his or her knowledge and skills. Additionally, some scenario-based questions will be asked that assess the candidate’s behavior and actions given particular hypothetical questions (Bell, 1999; Arizona Human R esources, 2013). Past experience will also be asked to be described and/or demonstrated through specific examples. The recruitment will be conducted

Personal Development and Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Personal Development and Planning - Coursework Example Let us begin by looking at my pathway choice and how it enables me to my employability skills. Firstly, my studies in global management and marketing have made me to have the right professional attitudes. The two main ways in which my studies in global management and marketing have enabled me to have to develop professional attitude is through enabling me to have ethical sensitivity in in carrying out my various professional duties, and to be able to take initiative and to take action unprompted. Having ethical sensitivity is a very important professional attitude that greatly enhances one’s employability skills. In my pathway choice, for instance, there are various issues that will require me to make sound ethical decisions. For instance in marketing, I should make sure that I have given my customers all the important information that they need before purchasing the products or the services that I sell to them; although revealing honestly some information to the customers about the products that you are advertising or selling may make some customers not to purchase th e products, ethical sensitivity, however, requires one to disclose all the necessary information to the customer. The ethical sensitivity professional attitude, therefore, has greatly enhanced my employability skills because it has enabled me to be able to deal honestly with my customers. Just like ethical sensitivity, having the ability to take initiatives in your career is a very important professional attitude that enhances one’s employability skills. In my career path, for instance, being able to take initiative is a very important skill; this is because, in global management and in marketing, there are many decisions that one will have to make solely, without involving other people- as a manager, one has to be constantly taking initiatives on various issues. For this reason, therefore, my career path of global management and marketing has greatly enhanced my employability

Role Of The Quantity Surveyor in Construction

Role Of The Quantity Surveyor in Construction 1.1 Background to the Study A competent design team is crucial for any new building project according to Lee (2008:127). The quantity surveyor can be a very valuable addition to the design team for the client, giving expert advice on contractual and financial matters. The quantity surveyor will have the clients interest as his number one priority and his services can be of great value to any person considering constructing a new building. According to Bowles Le Roux (1992:1) any person considering building or investing in construction projects needs expert advice from a quantity surveyor. No matter the size or complexity of a project, the quantity surveyor provides valuable advice through the various stages of the project. The Guide for Quantity Surveying Appointments (2006) states that any client who is considering building any structure of any size, changing an existing structure or investing in construction projects no matter how simple or complex, needs the expert advice of a professional quantity surveyor for establishing budgets, cash flows, cost planning, cost management and obtaining value for money. Construction projects differ from each other and every project has its own unique challenges. Construction projects are not standard products which have been designed and mass manufactured in a controlled environment. There is a lack of a relatively stable market price. This is due to monthly payments which are made as the work proceeds, before the project reaches completion. As a result of technological, financial and economical influences the methods adopted for construction work are varied and complex and the expert advice of a quantity surveyor should be obtained before the start of any project planning. This is the main reasons why there is a need for the services of a quantity surveyor. (Bowles Le Roux, 1992:2) The ordinary member of the general public has little knowledge or experience in the construction industry. However economically active individuals who can be seen as potential clients for residential construction projects are often reluctant to utilize the services of a professional quantity surveyor. According to Lee (2008:123), a potential pitfall for the first-time homeowner is to utilize the services of a non-reputable contractor who is not affiliated to the National Home Builders Registration Council (NHBRC). Members of the general public who are not experienced in the construction industry can be subjected to un-ethical practices and this may lead to their exploitation. Due to the many problems caused by these un-ethical and non-reputable contractors to the homeowners and other property professionals, the South African government passed legislation in 2001 known as the Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act. The intention of this Act is to guard homeowners against non-reputable contractors who build to substandard quality and then refuse to be held responsible. (Lee, 2008:123) One factor which may deter people from using the services of a quantity surveyor is the professional fees. According to research done by Cruywagen and Snyman (2005) professional quantity surveying services can be rendered as affordable in South Africa. The research shows that, due to the competitiveness of the market, it has become the norm for quantity surveyors to reduce professional fees. Cruywagen and Snyman (2005), state that there is a distinct relationship between the profitability for the quantity surveyor and the value of a project. This means residential projects are not profitable as compared to big industrial developments, shopping centers etc. This may be the reason for the lack of marketing in the residential sector and why the general public is not aware of the quantity surveying profession. The purpose of this study is to identify and understand the specific role of the professional quantity surveyor in the construction industry and to explain the significant effect a quantity surveyor can have on a construction project. 1.2 Problem Statement The general public who is not involved in the construction industry is unaware of the quantity surveying profession and the functions the quantity surveyor perform and this lack of knowledge can lead to their exploitation if a quantity surveyor is not involved. 1.3 Hypothesis For the purpose of this study the following hypotheses are set out: The general public is unaware of the quantity surveying profession and the services the profession provide. Fees associated with the quantity surveyor may intimidate homeowners who are looking to complete a project with as little investment as possible, not realizing that the quantity surveyor can save you a substantial amount of money by providing you with expert advice on financial and contractual matters. 1.4 Objectives This study has four primary objectives. The objectives are to: Outline the specific role of the quantity surveyor. Realize the major effect a quantity surveyor can have on a building project Make the general public aware of the quantity surveying profession and the functions the quantity surveyor performs. To learn why the general public is reluctant to use the services of a quantity surveyor. 1.5 Methodology A qualitative research approach was follow for the purpose of this study. The researcher has conducted a comprehensive review of relevant literature on the topic. The focus has been on the quantity surveying profession and the services it provide. Personal interviews have been conducted with professional quantity surveyors. To understand the broader picture members of the general public who recently became homeowners (of newly constructed buildings) was asked to complete a questionnaire. Attention has been given to whether or not the services of a quantity surveyor was utilized and if not, why? 1.6 Delimitations The research is limited to the residential construction industry. The focus of the research is on the services of a professional quantity surveyor and not that of the contractors quantity surveyor. Members of the general public who was approached with questionnaires was limited to those who were recently involved with the construction of a residential building. 1.7 Assumptions The researcher assumed that all data collected are accurate and all interviews and questionnaires conducted were answered truthfully. CHAPTER TWO THE QUANTITY SURVEYING PROFESSION 2.1 Introduction In this chapter all the literature on the related topic collected by the researcher will be reviewed. This review will include literature on the history of the quantity surveyor, the contractors quantity surveyor, competencies of a professional quantity surveyor, fees of the professional quantity surveyor, estimating and cost advice as well as the use of a bill of quantities. The core focus however will be to outline the specific functions of the professional quantity surveyor. 2.2 History of the quantity surveyor According to the Association of South African Quantity Surveyors (2010), the quantity surveying profession started with the turn of the nineteenth century. The first recorded use of the term Quantity surveyor was in 1859. Before then the terms measurer, Custom surveyor or surveyor were used. At that time it was custom for the surveyor to work for the master builders, measuring the completed work and often submitting biased final accounts to the building owners. As a result of this behavior it became the norm for building owners to enter into a contract and invite tenders before any work commenced. According to Bowles Le Roux (1992:4), this gave rise to competition and builders tendering realized that they were spending an immense amount of time and effort measuring and calculating to arrive at a tender figure. In addition there was the added danger that the builders interpreted the architects drawings differently which would lead to inaccurate pricing and result in the tenders not being calculated on an uniform basis. The builders realized that a surveyor could be employed to act as an unbiased person to measure the quantities on their behalf. This insured that the builders tendered on the same basis whilst sharing the cost for the surveyor. Building owners were afraid of unethical practice between the builders and the surveyor and realized it would be to their personal advantage to appoint and compensate the quantity surveyor. This is how the independent professional quantity surveyor gained consultant status. In South Africa the title quantity surveyor is reserved under the Quantity Surveyors Act of 1970 for the sole use by those who had acquired the obligatory qualifications and experience stipulated under the Act. Furthermore, those persons must register with the South African Council for Quantity Surveyors before they can act as consultants to the general public (ASAQS, 2010) 2.3 Contractors quantity surveyor The main difference between a professional quantity surveyor and a contractors quantity surveyor is that the latter is employed by the construction company and not by the client. Dent (1970:7) states that a contractor who undertakes big projects will need a quantity surveying staff. The contractors surveyor will represent the contractor and the contractors interest will be the main priority. According to Cornick and Osbon (1994:108), the contractors quantity surveyor spends comparatively the same amount of time on cost planning, feasibility studies and tender appraisal as the professional quantity surveyor and significantly more on post-contract services but significantly less on preparing tender documentation. Project cost control is one function that requires equal efficiency by both surveyors, the contractors quantity surveyor on behalf of the contractor and the professional quantity surveyor on behalf of the client. Cornick and Osbon (1994:109) identified seven main functions for the contractors quantity surveyor namely: Valuation of work completed for payment from client and payment to subcontractor. Determination of change due to variation from client or designer. Preliminaries allocation. Subcontractor accounts to agree tender and actual costs. Financial reporting for quarterly account forecasts. Cost accounting for plant and material use by company. Cost accounting for labour use by the company. Clients expectations of project cost control will increase as the clients and their cost advisers become more complex. The clients will be expecting the cost of their buildings to be reduced to match their budget. Therefore contractors quantity surveyor must strive to improving their cost controlling and accounting capabilities for the construction companies that they work for. 2.4 The professional quantity surveyor According to Bowles Le Roux (1992:3) the quantity surveyor is a professional consultant appointed by the client who wishes to invest in property development. It is the quantity surveyors responsibility to advise the client, architect and engineer on all financial and contractual matters from the pre-tender stage right through to the completion of the project. For the quantity surveyor to accomplish this role he must develop a comprehensive understanding of the various construction methods and have a transparent understanding of the different forms of contract and sub-contract agreements available in the construction industry. The quantity surveyor must be capable of advising on the cost of alternative construction methods and costs of different materials. An analytical approach must be adopted in finding beneficial solutions in the interest of the client. The Guide for Quantity Surveying Appointments (2006) states that a professional quantity surveyor will draw on extensive cost information obtained from client databases and experience from other projects for effective budget setting. It is the quantity surveyors ongoing implementation of financial discipline in the areas of budget setting, alternative design option costing, cash flow predictions, final cost forecasting, management of variations including potential areas of dispute and timeous final account settlement, etc. that allows the maximum value for money requirement to be achieved. 2.4.1 Standard quantity surveying services According to A Guide for Quantity Surveying Appointments (2006) the standard services that can be provided by a professional quantity surveyor are: Financial viability studies and the initial budget planning prior to the detailed design to establish whether the project is feasible in terms of the clients financial budget; Preliminary cost studies and comparing alternative designs and materials in terms of operating and maintenance costs; Monitoring the design as it evolves to ensure it stays within clients budget; Preparing tender documentation for pricing by contractors and advising on contractual arrangements; Evaluating the submitted tenders and reporting on the suitability thereof; Negotiating the contract sums with the individual contractors; Preparing cash flow predictions; Preparing cost reports at regular intervals; Valuing construction work in progress; Preparing the final account thus determining the final cost; Settlement of the final costs with the contractor and sub-contractors. Additional specialist services that many quantity surveyors are experienced in providing are: Acting as project manager; Acting as principle agent; Consulting on property development; Valuation of buildings for insurance purposes etc.; Acting as an expert witness; Advising on the settlement of disputes through mediation and arbitration. Facilitating with fast track construction projects; Providing services for projects in engineering, mining and petro-chemical industries. It is recommended to employ the quantity surveyors full services as a professional consultant rather than in a technical/measurement role in order to utilize the quantity surveyors expertise to the best advantage. 2.4.2 Competencies of the professional quantity surveyor Competencies can be defined as the ability a person should have in a given occupational area subject to external and internal factors like organization size, type, and age (Barret, 1992). (Holmes Joyce, 1993) defined competence as a description of an action, a mode of behavior or outcome that a person should be able to demonstrate, or the ability to transfer skills and knowledge to new situations within the occupational area. In the construction industry the quantity surveyor can be seen as the economist and cost accountant, whose services facilitate the client to obtain the maximum value for the clients investment. There are three aspects which reflect value for a client in the construction industry, namely cost, time and quantity. Quantity surveyors add value to the construction project performance by using the appropriate competencies. It is therefore important for an assessment of the quantity surveyors competencies in order to highlight the continuing relevance of their services in the construction industry (Nkado Meyer, 2001:483). The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) set out the competencies required by professional quantity surveyors in three categories, namely basic -, core and optional competencies. Table 1 below presents the competencies in three categories. Under the structure of the RICS the basic competencies are present in all construction professions, the core competencies primarily for quantity surveyors and the optional competencies are required for specialization in a specific field. Table 1: Competencies set out by the RICS (Nkado Meyer, 2001:484). A Study conducted by Nkado and Meyer (2001:484) identified 23 defined competencies which apply to quantity surveyors in South Africa. A questionnaire was sent to randomly selected members of the ASAQS of a different demographic background. The questionnaire listed the 23 competencies in alphabetical order. The respondents were asked to rate the importance of the competencies for a career as a professional quantity surveyor in South Africa at present, the importance in the future and the level of evidence of each competency in the quantity surveying profession. Rating worked on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"not important and 5 being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"very important. The researchers ensured the respondents anonymity to attain an honest response. Table 2: Competencies ratings (Nkado Meyer, 2001:487). Table 2 shows the ratings which have been converted to percentages for effective interpretation. It is interesting to note that three of the traditional core competencies are rated in the top five competencies required by quantity surveyors in South Africa at present, the three being procurement and financial management, economics of construction and construction contract practice. The results showed that management orientated competencies were rated of higher importance for future services while the highest importance for current services were technically orientated. The five most important competencies required by quantity surveyors in South Africa at present are: Computer literacy and information technology; Procurement and financial management; Economics of construction; Construction contract practice; Measurement. The five most important competencies required by quantity surveyors in South Africa in the future are: Computer literacy and information technology; Procurement and financial management; Economics of construction; Project management; Marketing. Competencies utilized by quantity surveyors with greatest efficiency in South Africa are: Measurement; Procurement and financial management; Professional practice; Construction contract practice; Economics of construction. It is evident that management orientated competencies will grow in importance and will replace the traditional technically orientated competencies as the core competencies of the quantity surveyor (Nkado Meyer,2001:490). 2.4.3 Professional quantity surveying fees The fees charged by professional quantity surveyors are proportionate with the work done for the client and according to A Guide for Quantity Surveying Appointments 2006 there are 5 options available: A time charge; A percentage fee based on a tariff recommended by The South African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession (see Table 3); An agreed percentage of the contract value; A lump-sum fee; Any other fee arranged between the quantity surveyor and the client. 2.4.3.1 Time Charges The following recommended hourly time charges for the private sector were approved by The South African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession with effect from 1 January 2010 (SACQSP, 2010). (All rates are exclusive of VAT.) Not exceeding 5 years experience R 700-00 Exceeding 5 years and not exceeding 10 years experience R 1 250-00 Exceeding 10 years experience R 1 750-00 Specialist work R 2 190-00 2.4.3.2 Percentage fees By using table 3 a basic fee will be determined and multiplied by the appropriate percentage (Table 4, 5 6). The basic fee shall be calculated on the value for fee purposes (see table 3). Table 3: Basic fee (SACQSP, 2010) Table 4: Appropriate percentages for building work (SACQSP, 2010) Table 5: Appropriate percentages for engineering work (SACQSP, 2010) Table 6. Appropriate percentages for management services (SACQSP, 2010) Once the primary charge (table 3) is established, the amount is multiplied by the appropriate percentage. In addition to this there will be a marginal rate which would be added to the primary charge. The gross amount will be payable to the quantity surveyor as the professional fees. 2.5 Estimating and cost advice Aibinu and Pasco (2008:1258) states: Pre-tender cost estimation (or early stage cost estimation) is the forecasting of the cost of a project during the planning and design stage. Research done by Trost and Oberlender (2003) identified 11 factors that play a role in the precision of estimates of which the 5 most important are: Process design; Estimator team experience and cost information; Time spent on preparation of estimate; Site requirements; The current labour and bidding climate. According to Bennett, Morrison and Stevens (1981) estimating is the main function of cost planning services provided by the quantity surveyor. They conclude that cost planning is unsuccessful without decent estimating. Morrison (1984:57) states that quantity surveyors have developed different methods for estimating to deal with the large variety of projects and designs. These different methods differ in detail with some estimates being very thorough, for instance a priced bill of quantities. Other may be very simple and only entail a simple lump sum estimate. All other factors being equal, the estimates accuracy will increase as the detail and time spent in preparing the estimate increases. 2.5.1 Clients brief The client, architect (design team) and the quantity surveyor are the most important members in the in the project briefing process. According to research done (Bowen, Pearl, Nkado Edwards, n.d.) it is vital to have an efficient client brief if the client is to reach his objectives with regard to the time, cost and quality of the project. Insufficient briefing of the design team by the client can lead to major frustration and unhappiness for the client. The brief procedure is the process where the client explains and spells out the objectives and requirements of a project (Bowen et al., n.d.). Bowen (1993) states that: The purpose of this stage is for the clients to communicate to the design team and specialist consultants their needs and objectives in initiating the project. For the client to be satisfied, the design of the building must fulfill the clients needs with regards to the technical aspects and quality standards. In addition to this the project must be completed within the budget and on time (Seymour Louw, 1990). In order to achieve this, a detailed and complete client brief is necessary to eliminate as many uncertainties as possible. 2.5.2 Feasibility studies After the briefing process, the quantity surveyor will do a feasibility study. The outcome of the feasibility study helps the client to decide whether to go ahead with the project. A feasibility study is conducted to ascertain whether a project idea is economically viable (Hofstrand Clause, n.d.). It is the quantity surveyors responsibility to make recommendations to the client on the viability of the project and give professional advice on any alternatives. The feasibility study involves economical and technical investigations that allow the client to decide whether to proceed with the project (Association of South African Quantity Surveyors, 2010). According to Hofstrand Clause (n.d.) a feasibility study: Identifies alternatives. Identifies reasons not to proceed. Indicate new opportunities. Gives quality information for better decision making. Assist in acquiring funding from banks and other investors. 2.6 Use of bill of quantities After the quantity surveyor completes the elemental estimate the client will decide whether the project will go ahead or not. This decision is largely based on whether the estimate is within the clients budget or not. If the estimate is within budget the client should instruct the architect to prepare detailed working drawings for construction. The quantity surveyor can start with the preparation of the bill of quantities once he has received these drawings (Bowles Le Roux, 1992). Davis, Love and Baccarini (2009:99) states that the bill of quantities has 2 main uses and these can be categorized under pre-contract and post-contract stage. In the pre-contract stage the bill of quantities aid contractors to prepare their tenders. In the post-contract stage the bill of quantities assists the quantity surveyor and the contractor in the valuation of the work in progress and work completed for payment purposes. The bill of quantities is mainly used for tendering purposes. It enables contractors to prepare tenders using the same information which will lead to more accurate tender sums. The bill of quantities allow for a common basis on which the tenders can be compared. This brings about a competitive market (Kodikara, Thorpe McCaffer, 1993:261). According to Bowles and Le Roux (1992) the bill of quantities describes the nature of the building. It is a document which lists all the items that need to be completed for the construction of the building. These items required for the completion of the building is measured from drawings and specifications received from the architect and engineers. The total cost for the project will be the sum of all the individual items added together. When these items are priced there must be an allowance for the execution of each item as well as a realistic profit margin. The information in the bill of quantities can be classified into three fundamental categories namely; preliminaries, preambles and bills. The preliminaries of a contract entail all requirements of the project which do not have a direct impact on the construction works. The preliminaries of a contract may include health and safety requirements, access to and from site, accommodation for workforce, insurances required etc. Preambles define the standards of workmanship and materials to be used. The bills contain the measured items needed to complete the works and comprises of the description, units and quantities (Kodikara et al., 1993:261). The bill of quantities, detailed construction drawings, engineering drawings and specifications will be issued to building contractors. These documents form part of the tender documentation. The tender documents enable contractors to submit a competitive tender for a project and aid them in determining an accurate price for the completion of the building. A practical time limit is set for the contractors to price the bill. All tenders should be handed in before the specified closing date. According to Davis et al. (2009:103), the bill of quantities has various advantages to the parties involved in a project: Pre-contract stage: Database à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides a cost database for future estimating Fee calculation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides a conclusive basis for the calculation of professional fees Asset management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provide data for asset management of finished building, insurance, maintenance schedules etc. Taxation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Provide basis for precise preparation of depreciation schedules as part of the asset management plan. Post-contract stage: Accurate progress payments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It becomes a basis from which the interim payments can be evaluated. This insures work is done at a reasonable price and gives the contractor and client peace of mind that the contractor is not paid too much or too little for work completed. Pricing of contract instructions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides a basis for the valuation of variations to the project. Risk management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Prices from the contractor in the bill of quantities can be compared with current market related prices. According to Davis et al. (2009:103), the major disadvantages of the bill of quantities are that the preparation is time consuming and it tends to increase cost. 2.7 Conclusion It is clear from the above that the quantity surveyor can be a very valuable addition to the clients professional team. Quantity surveyors in South Africa are competent professionals. From the inception stage of a project, right through to the final payment, the quantity surveyor will give expert advice on financial and contractual matters. The successful completion of a project can never be guaranteed due to the many uncontrollable factors in the construction industry. However having the services of a quantity surveyor at your disposal will greatly improve the chances of completing a project successfully and within budget. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Data In this chapter the data collection methods and the analysis of the data is explained. For the purpose of this study a qualitative research methodology was followed in order to test the hypotheses put forward. The research was conducted by way of a comprehensive literature review and collecting data through interviews and questionnaires. The research problem is mainly that the general public is unaware of the quantity surveying profession therefore data relating to the services that the quantity surveyor offer and the profession in general were required. 3.2 Collection of data Books and journals on the related topic from local and international sources were used for the collection of data. All the data was collected before the field work started and was done over a two month period. Furthermore, primary data was collected through personal interviews and questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with quantity surveyors. The interviews were informal but due to the researchers relative lack of experience in conducting interviews the questions were well prepared. Questionnaires were used to obtain the necessary data from members of the general public who were recently involved in the construction of a residential building. The questionnaires consisted out of open ended questions and were administered in person. To maximize to accuracy of the response the questions were short and in unambiguous language (Leedy Ormrod, 2005:190). To insure the validity of the research an honest response is required. For this reason the names of individuals and the quantity surveying company approached for the research will be held confidential. 3.3 Data analysis The qualitative data was organized, summarized and analyzed by the researcher in order to reach a conclusion and make recommendations. It should be noted that the sample is very small, but for the purpose of this study it is sufficient for the researcher to understand the problem at hand and reach a conclusion. CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction Primary data was collected through interviews and questionnaires as explained in the previous chapter. Ten individuals who were recently involved in a residential project were approached to complete the questionnaire. This chapter will discus the findings of the questionnaire and will incorporate the data collected from interviews with quantity surveyors. 4.1.1 Awareness of the quantity surveying profession Figure 4.1 Indicate the awareness of the quantity surveying profession. It was found that the large majority of the respondents were aware of the profession. However this does not necessarily mean they understand what the profession entails. An interesting observation was that the respondent, who was not aware of the quantity surveying profession, was the only respondent under 30 years of age. 4.1.2 Understanding of the quantity surveyor The question was what the understanding of quantity surveyors was by the respondents. Three of the ten respondents had reas

Corporal Punishment in Schools Essay -- Essays Papers

Corporal Punishment in Schools I wrote this paper for Contemporary Moral Issues class. This was an assignment of our choice and I chose to do this topic, because the week before in Intro to Education we had discussed discipline methods and I was astonished to learn that corporal punishment still existed in schools. I am hoping that by including this piece of work on my webfolio others will become aware that corporal punishment is alive and used often in our schools. In the following paper I will discuss the controversial issue of the use of corporal punishment in schools. Supporters for corporal punishment say that it is a deterrent to misbehavior and delinquency, is needed to maintain discipline, and is not a form of child abuse. The position against corporal punishment says that it is of limited effectiveness, has potentially serious side effects, is a form of child abuse, and should be abolished in all schools. I think the position against corporal punishment should become the social or public policy. Corporal punishment should not be used as a form of discipline, because it leaves psychological and physical harm on children. The first key argument against corporal punishment that I will present is the argument that corporal punishment is a form of child abuse. The Policy Statement of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry states, "corporal punishment is a discipline method in which a supervising adult deliberately inflicts pain upon a child in response to a child's unacceptable behavior and/or inappropriate language" (1). If one is deliberately inflicting pain on another, then that is for sure a form of abuse. Many students are physically and psychologically assaulted... ...htm 1. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. Guidance for Effective Discipline." American Academy of Pediatrics 101 (April 1998) Database on-line. Available from ERIC, American Academy of Pediatrics. 1. Flynn, Clifton P. "Exploring the link between corporal punishment and children's cruelty to animals." Journal of Marriage and Family 61 (November 1999). Database on-line. Available from ProQuest. 3. Hyman, Irwin A. "Using research to change public policy: reflections on 20 years of efforts to eliminate corporal punishment in schools." Pediatrics 98 (October 1996). Database on-line. Available from ProQuest, Expanded Academic ASAP. 2-4. Hyman, Irwin A. and Pamela A. Shook. Dangerous Schools: What We Can Do about the Physicaland Emotional Abuse of Our Children. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass, 1999. 3.